a prolific British mathematician who worked mostly on algebra. He helped found the modern British school of pure mathematics.

a German physician and physiologist, the co-discoverer of nerve action potential, and the developer of experimental electrophysiology.

an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

a prolific Polish writer whose works confront controversial moral issues such as betrayal, the Jews and Auschwitz in the wartime

a German physician, pathologist, and anatomist. "On Miasma and Contagia," was an early argument for the germ theory of disease. He was an important figure in the development of modern medicine.

an English astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife, Margaret