an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the blueprint, and did botanical work.

a Danish chemist and astronomer. In 1911 Hertzsprung developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, independently developed in 1913 by Henry Norris Russell.

a French physiologist. Among many other accomplishments, he was one of the first to suggest the use of a blinded experiment to ensure the objectivity of scientific observations

a Dutch writer considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors

a French painter, decorative artist and printmaker

a British chemist and physicist, a pioneer of vacuum tubes