a Dutch physicist. He exploited the Hampson–Linde cycle to investigate how materials behave when cooled to nearly absolute zero and later to liquefy helium for the first time, in 1908.

a French chemist and surgeon who discovered how to manufacture soda ash from common salt

an Irish geophysicist, civil engineer, and inventor who distinguished himself in research on earthquakes and is sometimes called the father of seismology

a prolific Italian painter of the Baroque era, one of an established family of painters and draughtsmen.

a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion,

a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839)