a German evolutionary biologist. Fellow German Ernst Mayr ranked him as the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin.

a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today.

a councilor and mayor of Danzig. As an astronomer, he gained a reputation as "the founder of lunar topography", and described ten new constellations.

a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne.

a Belarusian painter who made a major contribution to the expressionist movement while living and working in Paris.

an English inventor and pioneer of the spinning industry. He invented the spinning mule, a machine that revolutionized the industry worldwide.