an Irish-born innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design.

a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He proposed in 1742 (an inverted form of) the Centigrade temperature scale which was later renamed Celsius in his honour.

a pioneer in astronomical spectroscopy, and was one of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star

a German chemist, who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819.

a Swedish chemist considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry.

an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics