an Italian mathematician and astronomer, later naturalized French. He made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics.

a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history.

a British geologist who served as director-general of the British Geological Survey. He is noted for investigating and describing the Silurian, Devonian and Permian systems.

a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, and with some justification the element helium.

a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry.

an Italian (later naturalized American) physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.