a major Danish poet, librettist, critic, and comic writer.

a French biochemist, discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis

a French chemist. He devised the principle used by chemical engineers to predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in chemical equilibrium

a French astronomer and surveyor who, with Charles Messier, was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets.

a German astronomer. Among his activities, he worked on the calculation of the periods of comets and asteroids and measured the distance from the Earth to the Sun

a German physician and physiologist. His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Coined the term metabolism.