a French mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist. He was a prominent Newtonian whose work helped to establish the validity of those principles

a Belarusian-French artist. An early modernist, he was associated with several major artistic styles and created works in a wide range of artistic formats

a German botanist and co-founder of cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.

a German poet. One of his major contributions to German literature was to open it up to exploration outside of French models

a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, and with some justification the element helium.

a Genevan naturalist and philosophical writer. He is responsible for coining the term phyllotaxis to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant