a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art.

an Italian dramatist and poet, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy." He wrote nineteen tragedies, sonnets, satires, and a notable autobiography.

an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law

an English physiologist regarded as a founder of endocrinology; coined the word "insulin"

a main founder of zoology and anthropology as comparative, scientific disciplines

a German physicist who made contributions to quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory. He brought chemistry under quantum mechanics through his theory of valence bonding.