an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology

a Dutch scientist. He was a professor in Duisburg, Utrecht, and Leiden, where he held positions in mathematics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy

a German physician with an interest in astronomy. He theorized the existence of a natural energy transference occurring between all animated and inanimate objects; this he called "animal magnetism"

an English physicist, chemist, and inventor. responsible for developing and supplying the first incandescent lights used to illuminate homes and public buildings

an Irish-born innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design.

an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and author. His best-known extant works include his autobiography, which has been described as "one of the most important documents of the 16th century."