a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect

a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

a Russian chemist, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the discoverer of formaldehyde (1859) and the discoverer of the formose reaction (1861).

a French physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity and optics. He is credited with the discovery of the photovoltaic effect, the operating principle of the solar cell

a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization

an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics, and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics